Nanotechnology is a field of research and innovation concerned with building ’things’- generally, materials and devices on the scale of atoms and molecules. Nanotechnology has become very popular in the past few years. The development of synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. Metallic nanoparticles have become increasingly used because of their advantages including high stability and loading capacity. Nanoparticles can be synthesized chemically or biologically approaches. One of the most considered methods is the production of metal nanoparticles using organisms. Among these organisms, the plants seem to be the best candidates and are suitable for the large-scale synthesis of nanoparticles. Metallic nanoparticles that have immense application are industries of different type namely gold, silver, and copper, iron oxide and titanium magnetic, etc. the size of the nanoparticles are in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles is accomplished through UV spectroscopy, X-ray, FTIR, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS and EDX. This review based on the recent scientific publications to synthesize metallic nanoparticles along with various methods for silver, copper and titanium metallic nanoparticles by using plants also the review explorethe recent development in antibacterial, anticancer and biosensing application of metallic nanoparticles reported by the researchers during the last decades. Synthesis of Nanoparticle There are different physical and chemical methods for successfully synthesizing NPs. One can categorize all these methods into two main approaches that can apply to any research in the field of nanoscale science: (1) the top-bottom and (2) the bottom-top. Each of which has specific characterization and application. The use of environmentally benign materials like plant extract bacteria, fungi and enzymes for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles offer numerous benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical and other biomedical applications as they do not use toxic chemicals for the synthesis protocol. In general, metallic nanoparticles are produced by two methods, i.e. "bottom-up" (buildup of material from the bottom: atom by atom, or molecule by molecule or cluster by cluster) and "top-down" (slicing or successive cutting of bulk material to get nano-sized particle). The "bottom-up" approach is usually a superior choice for the nanoparticles preparation involving a homogeneous system wherein catalysts (for instance reducing agent and enzymes) synthesize nanostructures that are controlled by the catalyst itself. However, the "top-down" approach generally works with the material in its bulk form, and the size reduction to the nanoscale is achieved by specialized ablations, for instance thermal decomposition, mechanical grinding, etching, cutting, and sputtering. The main demerit of the top-down approach is the surface structural defects. Such defects have a significant impact on the physical features and surface chemistry of metallic nanoparticles of the biological methods of synthesis, the methods based on microorganisms have been widely. Microbial synthesis is of course readily scalable, environmentally benign and compatible with the use of the product for medical applications, but production of microorganisms is often more expensive than the production of plant extracts. Use of plant extracts in nanoparticle synthesis In these days, the emphasis has been shifting toward the synthesis of NPs by using plants and plant extracts to gain the advantages of this method. Many scientists used different plant extracts to prepare different type of NPs with different sizes and shapes depending upon the synthesis conditions. Submit manuscript via https://www.imedpub.com/submissions/global-research-review.html or email us at manuscripts@imedpub.com
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Debra Peter
Managing Editor
Global Journal of Research and Review