Controlling of Appetite and Regulating Metabolism

A classic role of the gut microbiota is in digesting of carbohydrates and fermenting them into Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). Germfree (GF) mice have different metabolic profiles than conventionally raised mice, including low concentrations of SCFAs, hepatic triacylglycerol and glucose. Interestingly, sub-therapeutic doses of antibiotics, which don't eliminate the gut microbial community but rather cause significant changes in its composition, because, increased levels of SCFAs and to weight gain in mice. The metabolic effects of the microbiome may further affect regulation of hormone production from cholesterol, peptides or amino acids. SCFAs are shown to stimulate release of 5-HT and thus the peptide YY, a hormone released after feeding involved in appetite reduction and decreasing of gut motility.

Recently, a study demonstrated that leptin may additionally influence the gut microbiota independently of diet. Another model proposes that L. plantarum specifically suppresses leptin by reducing adipocyte cell size in white fat tissue. This fits the finding that use of the probiotic L. plantarum during a gaggle of human smokers reduced their serum leptin levels.

Because leptin is involved in appetite inhibition, metabolism and behavior, deciphering its interconnections with bacteria is of great interest and will help us understand and perhaps control its many effects.

Finally, new correlations among the microbiota composition, hormonal levels and metabolism come from studies of gastric bypass surgery. Gastric bypass surgery has been shown to vary the intestinal microbiota composition. While microenvironmental changes like reduced food intake and reduction of bile acids likely affect this new microbiota composition, variety of the compositional changes are likely because of alterations within the amount of intestinal hormones including elevation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), GLP1 and insulin following surgery. These alterations within the gut microbiome further contribute to reduced host weight and adiposity. Accordingly, transfer of the gut microbiota from RYGB-treated mice to non-operated GF mice resulted in weight loss and decreased fat mass within the recipient animals relative to recipients of the microbiota induced by sham surgery.

Full article:

https://www.imedpub.com/articles/controlling-of-appetite-with-regulating-metabolism.pdf

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